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<title>Sympathetic string</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sympathetic string</span></span>

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<p><b>Sympathetic strings</b> or <b>resonance strings</b> are auxiliary strings found on many <a href="Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian</a> musical instruments, as well as some Western <a href="Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> instruments and a variety of folk instruments.

</p><p>They are typically not played directly by the performer (except occasionally as an effect), only indirectly through the <a href="Tone_(musical_instrument)" title="Tone (musical instrument)">tones</a> that are played on the main strings, based on the principle of <a href="Sympathetic_resonance" title="Sympathetic resonance">sympathetic resonance</a>.

</p><p>The resonance is most often heard when the <a href="Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental frequency</a> of the string is in unison or an <a href="Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> lower or higher than the catalyst note, although it can occur for other <a href="Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">intervals</a>, such as a <a href="Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifth</a>, with less effect.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>Sympathetic strings are used to enhance the sound of an instrument. Some instruments have only a few sympathetic strings such as the <a href="Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddle</a> (pictured above right). Other instruments which have more include the <a href="Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a> with 11-13 sympathetic strings and <a href="Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a> with 15 sympathetic strings, and the <a href="Sarangi" title="Sarangi">sarangi</a>, which has a total of 37 sympathetics.

</p><p>In <a href="Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western music</a>, some members of the <a href="Viola" title="Viola">viola</a> family appeared in the middle of the 17th century that were fitted with an extra choir of thin wire strings running through a hollow chamber through the <a href="Neck_(music)" title="Neck (music)">neck</a> of the instrument, the head of which was then elongated to accommodate as many extra tuning pegs as necessary. These were generally called <a href="Viola_d'amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a>; another historical example is the <a href="Baryton" title="Baryton">baryton</a>, for which <a href="Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a> wrote many <a href="Ternary_form" title="Ternary form">trios</a>.

</p><p>Other instruments such as the <a href="Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, <a href="Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, <a href="Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>, <a href="Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, and <a href="Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> do not have additional strings, but make use of the effect by allowing their playing strings to vibrate sympathetically when they are not being played directly. In <a href="Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a> like the piano, the string dampers can be raised to produce this effect.

</p><p>The <a href="Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> is normally unable to produce effective sympathetic string resonance for tones other than E (resonance from the 6th and 5th strings, tuned to E and A, respectively), B (from the 6th string), D (from the 4th string), and A (from the 5th and 4th strings). The treble strings are negligible in practice, as they are almost constantly being fingered.

</p><p>However, the <a href="Ten-string_guitar#Yepes'_ten-string_guitar" title="Ten-string guitar">ten-string guitar</a> invented in 1963 by <a href="Narciso_Yepes" title="Narciso Yepes">Narciso Yepes</a>, adds four strings tuned to C, A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, which resolves the imbalance of resonance on the guitar. By adding the abovementioned resonances and, of course, their fifths (the fifth being a strong <a href="Resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant frequency">resonant frequency</a>)—that is to say, G, F, D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>—the guitar's strings now resonate more equally with all 12 notes of the <a href="Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatic</a> scale, bringing the guitar's sound closer to the consistency and sustainability of the <a href="Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and <a href="Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sympathetic_string_resonance_in_music_instruments">Sympathetic string resonance in music instruments</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="String_resonance_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="String resonance (music)">String resonance (music)</a></div>

<p>Strings or parts of strings may resonate at their <a href="Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental</a> or <a href="Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonic</a> frequencies when other strings are sounded. In general, non-played strings respond in sympathy to other strings being played. Two tones of the same <a href="Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> will give maximum sympathetic resonance as all harmonics of both strings will overlap. Other harmonic combinations will cause sympathetic resonance at the fifth, fourth and major third.

</p><p>For example, an A string at 440 Hz will cause an E string at 330 Hz to resonate, because they share an <a href="Overtone" title="Overtone">overtone</a> of 1320 Hz (3 x 440 = 4 x 330 = 1320; third overtone of A and fourth overtone of E).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuning">Tuning</h3></div>

<p>The musician retunes the sympathetic strings for each <a href="Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">mode</a> or <a href="Raga" title="Raga">raga</a>, so that when the corresponding note (or one an octave below it) is played on the main strings of the instrument, the sympathetic strings (called <i>tarabs</i> in <a href="Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian music</a>) will vibrate in response, providing a lingering halo of sound.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments_with_sympathetic_strings">Instruments with sympathetic strings</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li>

<li><a href="Baryton" title="Baryton">Baryton</a></li>

<li><a href="Bazantar" title="Bazantar">Bazantar</a></li>

<li><a href="Crwth" title="Crwth">Crwth</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilruba" title="Dilruba">Dilruba</a></li>

<li><a href="Esraj" title="Esraj">Esraj</a></li>

<li><a href="Fender_Jaguar" title="Fender Jaguar">Fender Jaguar</a></li>

<li><a href="Fender_Jazzmaster" title="Fender Jazzmaster">Fender Jazzmaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Gadulka" title="Gadulka">Gadulka</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottuvadhyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottuvadhyam">Gottuvadhyam</a></li>

<li><a href="Gudok" title="Gudok">Gudok</a></li>

<li><a href="H'arpeggione" class="mw-redirect" title="H'arpeggione">H'arpeggione</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddle</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutar" title="Dutar">Herati dutar</a></li>

<li><a href="Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kithara" title="Kithara">Kithara</a> (of <a href="Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Harry Partch</a>)</li>

<li>Some instruments of the <a href="Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> family</li>

<li><a href="Mohan_veena" title="Mohan veena">Mohan veena</a></li>

<li><a href="Moodswinger" title="Moodswinger">Moodswinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Moonlander_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonlander (musical instrument)">Moonlander</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ondes_Martenot" title="Ondes Martenot">Ondes Martenot</a> (with Palme diffuseur)</li>

<li><a href="Pencilina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencilina">Pencilina</a></li>

<li>Pianos that use <a href="Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">aliquot stringing</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">Rubab</a></li>

<li><a href="Samvadini" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvadini">Samvadini</a> (stringed harmonium)</li>

<li><a href="Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li>

<li><a href="Saraswati_Veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Veena">Saraswati Veena</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li>

<li><a href="Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li>

<li><a href="Springtime_(guitar)" title="Springtime (guitar)">Springtime</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tambura</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten-string_guitar" title="Ten-string guitar">Ten-string guitar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukelin" title="Ukelin">Ukelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Viola_d'amore" title="Viola d'amore">Viola d'amore</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot stringing</a></li>

<li><a href="Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone (music)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramirez III, Jose. 1994. "The Ten-String Guitar" in Things About the Guitar. Bold Strummer. pp. 137-141. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>8487969402</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yepes, Narciso. 1981 "Narciso Yepes and His 10-String Guitar". Interview-Article by Allan Kozinn. The New York Times, Nov. 22: p. D21</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yepes, Narciso. 1978. "The 10-String Guitar: Overcoming the Limitations of Six Strings". Interview by Larry Snitzler. <i>Guitar Player</i> 12(3): pp. 26, 42, 46, 48, 52.</span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Timbre10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colors_of_noise" title="Colors of noise">Colors of noise</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">Fundamental frequency</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li>

<li><a href="Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microinflection</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise" title="Noise">Noise</a></li>

<li><a href="Overtone" title="Overtone">Overtone</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Rustle_noise" title="Rustle noise">Rustle noise</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sawari" title="Sawari">Sawari</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Spectral_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral envelope">Spectral envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonality" title="Tonality">Tonality</a></li>

<li><a href="Waveform" title="Waveform">Waveform</a></li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920063#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920063#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131760-9">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/f2aa2105-6a47-45c9-848d-81f167c42ac4">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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